Sameer Hosany and David Gilbert (2009) Dimensions of Tourists’ Emotional Experiences towards Hedonic Holiday Destinations.
Full text access: Open
Destinations are more likely to be successful if they recognize the experiential qualities of their offerings. However, with some exceptions, research into the emotional content of the destination experience remains largely underexplored. This current research addresses this lacuna and empirically investigates the dimensions of tourists’ emotional experiences towards hedonic holiday destinations. Adopting a rigorous scale development procedure, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identify three salient dimensions to represent the destination emotion scale (DES) namely: joy, love and positive surprise. Additionally, tourists’ emotional experiences were related to satisfaction, which in turn has a significant influence on behavioural intentions. Findings offer important implications for destination marketers in relation to branding and emotional experience management.
This is a Published version This version's date is: 07/2009 This item is peer reviewed
https://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/22eaa49e-044e-14fe-1255-46d2c5017b91/1/
Deposited by () on 19-May-2010 in Royal Holloway Research Online.Last modified on 14-Apr-2011
Aaker, D. A., D. M. Stayman, and M. R. Hagerty (1986), "Warmth in Advertising:Measurement, Impact and Sequence Effects," Journal of Consumer Research, 12(4),365-381.
Ahuvia, A. C (2005), "Beyond the Extended Self: Love Objects and Consumer’sIdentity Narratives," Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 171-184
Albert, N. A., D. Merunka, and P. Valette-Florence (2008), "When Consumers LoveTheir Brands: Exploring the Concept and Its Dimensions," Journal of BusinessResearch, 61(10), 1062-1075
Anderson, J. C. and D. W. Gerbing (1982), "Some Methods for RespecifyingMeasurement Models to Obtain Unidimensional Construct Measurement," Journal ofMarketing Research, 19(4), 453-460.
Anderson, J. C., D. W. Gerbing, and J. E. Hunter (1987), "On the Assessment ofUnidimensional Measurement: Internal and External Consistency, and OverallConsistency Criteria," Journal of Marketing Research, 24(4), 432-437.
Anderson, J. C. and D. W. Gerbing (1988), "Structural Equation Modelling inPractice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach," Psychological Bulletin,103(3), 411-423.
Arnould, E. J. and L. L. Price (1993), "River Magic: Extraordinary Experience andthe Extended Service Encounter," Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24-45.
Babin, B. J., W. R. Darden, and L. A. Babin (1998), "Negative Emotions inMarketing Research: Affect or Artifact?," Journal of Business Research, 42(3), 271-285.
Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi (1988), "On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models,"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bagozzi, R. P., Y. Yi, and L. W. Phillips (1991), "Assessing Construct Validity inOrganizational Research," Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421-458.
Bagozzi, R. P., H. Baumgartner, and R. Pieters (1998), "Goal-Directed Emotions,"Cognition and Emotion, 12(1), 1-26.
Bagozzi, R. P., M. Gopinath, and P. U. Nyer (1999), "The Role of Emotions inMarketing," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 184-206.
Baron, R. and D. A. Kenny (1986), "The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction inSocial Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrett, L. F. and J. A. Russell (1998), "Independence and Bipolarity in the Structureof Current Affect," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 967-984.
Barsky, J. and L. Nash (2002). "Evoking Emotion: Affective Keys to Hotel Loyalty,"Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 39-46.
Beeho, A. J. and R. C. Prentice (1997), "Conceptualizing the Experiences of HeritageTourists: A Case Study of New Lanark World Heritage Village," TourismManagement, 18(2), 75-87.
Bigné, J. E., M. I. Sanchez, and J. Sanchez (2001), "Tourism Image, EvaluationVariables and After Purchase Behaviour: Inter-relationship," Tourism Management,22(6), 607-616.
Bigné, J. E. and L. Andreu (2004). "Emotions in Segmentation: An Empirical Study,"Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 682-696.
Bigné, J. E., L. Andreu, and J. Gnoth (2005). "The Theme Park Experience: AnAnalysis of Pleasure, Arousal and Satisfaction," Tourism Management, 26(6), 833-844.
Blain, C., S. E. Levy and R. B. Ritchie (2005), "Destination Branding: Insights andPractices from Destination Management Organizations," Journal of Travel Research,43(4), 328-338.
Boo, S., J. Busser and S. Baloglu (2009),"A Model of Customer-Based Brand Equityand Its Application to Multiple Destinations," Tourism Management, 30(2), 219-231.
Burisch, M. (1997), "Test Length and Validity Revisited," European Journal ofPersonality, 11(4), 303-315.
Carroll, B. A. and A. C. Ahuvia (2006), "Some Antecedents and Outcomes of BrandLove," Marketing Letters, 17(2), 79-89.
Celci, R. L., R. L. Rose, and T. W. Leigh (1993), "An Exploration of High-RiskLeisure Consumption Through Skydiving," Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 1-23.
Chebat, J. C. and W. Slusarczyk (2005), "How Emotions Mediate the Effects ofPerceived Justice on Loyalty in Service Recovery Situations: An Empirical Study,"Journal of Business Research, 58(5), 664-673.
Chhetri, P., C. Arrowsmith, and M. Jackson (2004), "Determining Hiking Experiencesin Nature-Based Tourist Destinations," Tourism Management, 25(1), 31-43.
Chuang, S.C. (2007), "The Effects of Emotions on the Purchase of TourCommodities," Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 22(1), 1-13.
Churchill, G. A. (1979), "A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of MarketingConstructs," Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 538-562.
Cohen, J. B. and C. Areni (1991), "Affect and Consumer Behaviour," In: Handbookof Consumer Behaviour, S. T. Robertson and H. H. Kassarjian, eds. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 188-240.
Cutler, S. E., R. J. Larsen and S. C. Bruce (1996), "Repressive Coping Style and theExperience and Recall of Emotions: A Naturalistic Study of Daily Affect," Journal ofPersonality, 64(2), 379-405.
d'Astous, A. and L. Boujbel (2007), "Positioning Countries on PersonalityDimensions: Scale Development and Implications for Country Marketing," Journal ofBusiness Research, 60(3), 231-239.
de Rivera, J. (1977) A Structural Theory of the Emotions. New York: InternationalUniversities Press.
de Rojas, C. and C. Camarero (2008), "Visitors’ Experience, Mood and Satisfaction ina Heritage Context: Evidence From an Interpretation Center," Tourism Management,29(3), 525-537.
del Bosque, I. R. and H. San Martin (2008), "Tourist Satisfaction: A Cognitive-Affective Model," Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551-573.
Dubé, L. and K. Menon (2000), "Multiple Roles of Consumption Emotions in Post-Purchase Satisfaction with Extended Service Transactions," International Journal ofService Industry Management, 11(3), 287-304.
Dubé, L. and M. S. Morgan (1998), "Capturing the Dynamics of In-ProcessConsumption Emotions and Satisfaction in Extended Service Transactions,"International Journal of Research in Marketing, 15(4), 309-320.
Edell, J. A. and M. C. Burke (1987), "The Power of Feelings in UnderstandingAdvertising Effects," Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 421-433.
Ekinci, Y. and S. Hosany (2006), "Destination Personality: An Application of BrandPersonality to Tourism Destinations," Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 127-139.
Ellsworth, P. C. and K. R. Scherer (2003), "Appraisal Processes in Emotion," In:Handbook of Affective Sciences, R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, and H. H. Goldsmith,eds. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 572-595.
Floyd, M. F. (1997), "Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance: Exploring AffectiveDeterminants of Recreation Satisfaction," Leisure Sciences, 19(2), 83-96.
Fournier, S. (1998), "Consumers and their Brands: Developing Relationship Theory inConsumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343-373.
Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker (1981), "Evaluating Structural Equation Models withUnobservable Variables and Measurement Error," Journal of Marketing Research,18(1), 39-50.
Framke, W. (2002), "The Destination as a Concept: A Discussion of the Business-Related Perspective versus the Socio-Cultural Approach in Tourism Theory, "Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2(2), 92-108.
Frazier, P. A., A.P. Tix, and K. E. Barron (2004), "Testing Moderator and MediatorEffects in Counselling Psychology Research," Journal of Counseling Psychology,51(1), 115-134.
Frijda, N. H. (1986) The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fyall, A., B. Garrod, and C. Tosun (2006), "Destination Marketing: A Framework forFuture Research", In: Advances in Tourism Research: Progress in TourismMarketing, M. Kozak and L. Andreu, eds. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 75-86.
Gardner, M. P. (1985), "Mood States and Consumer Behavior: A Critical Review,"Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 281-300.
Garver, M. S. and J. T. Mentzer (1999), "Logistics Research Methods: EmployingStructural Equation Modelling to Test for Construct Validity," Journal of BusinessLogistics, 20(1), 33-57.
Gerbing, D. W. and J. C. Anderson (1988), "An Updated Paradigm for ScaleDevelopment Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment," Journal ofMarketing Research, 25(2), 186-192.
Giuliani, M. V. and R. Feldman (1993), "Place Attachment in a Developmental andCultural Context," Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(3), 267-274.
Gnoth, J. (1997), "Tourism Motivation and Expectation Formation," Annals ofTourism Research, 24(2), 283-304.
Goossens, C. (2000), "Tourism Information and Pleasure Motivation," Annals ofTourism Research, 27(2), 301-321.
Green, D. P., P. Salovey, and K. M. Truax (1999), "Static, Dynamic and CausativeBipolarity of Affect," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 856-867.
Gretzel, U., D. R. Fesenmaier, S. Formica, and J. T. O'Leary (2006), "Searching forthe Future: Challenges Faced by Destination Marketing Organizations, " Journal ofTravel Research, 45(2): 116-126.
Grohmann, B. (2009), "Gender Dimensions of Brand Personality," Journal ofMarketing Research, 46(1), 105-119.
Guadagnoli, E. and W. F. Velicer (1988), "Relation of Sample Size to the Stability ofComponent Patterns," Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265-275.
Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham (2006),Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Halvena, W. J. and M. B. Holbrook (1986), "The Varieties of ConsumptionExperience: Comparing Two Typologies of Emotion in Consumer Behaviour,"Journal of Consumer Research, 13(3), 394-404.
Hidalgo, M. C. and B. Hernandez (2001), "Place Attachment: Conceptual andEmpirical Questions," Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281.
Hirschman, E. and M. B. Holbrook (1982), "Hedonic Consumption: EmergingConcepts, Methods and Propositions," Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92-101.
Holbrook, M. B. and R. Batra (1987), "Assessing the Role of Emotions as Mediatorsof Consumer Responses to Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 404-420.
Holmbeck, G. N. (1997), "Toward Terminological, Conceptual, and Statistical Clarityin the Study of Mediators and Moderators: Examples from the Child-Clinical andPaediatric Psychology Literatures," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,65(4): 599-610.
Hosany, S., Y. Ekinci, and M. Uysal (2006), "Destination Image and DestinationPersonality: An Application of Branding Theories to Tourism Places," Journal ofBusiness Research, 59(5), 638-642.
Hu, Y. Z. and J. R. B. Ritchie (1993), "Measuring Destination Attractiveness: AContextual Approach," Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 25-34.
Hu, L. and P. M. Bentler (1998), "Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modelling:Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification," Psychological Methods,3(4): 424-53.
Huan, H. and K. Back (2007), "Assessing Customers’ Emotional ExperiencesInfluencing Their Satisfaction in the Lodging Industry," Journal of Travel & TourismMarketing, 23(1), 43-56.
Huang, M. H. (2001), "The Theory of Emotions in Marketing," Journal of Businessand Psychology, 16(2), 239-247.
Hui, T. K., Wan, D. and Ho, A. (2007), "Tourists’ Satisfaction, Recommendation andRevisiting Singapore," Tourism Management, 28 (4): 965-975.
Hull, R. B. and A. Harvey (1989), "Explaining the Emotion People Experience inSuburban Parks," Environment and Behaviour, 21(3), 323-345.
Izard, E. E. (1977), Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Johnson, A. R. and D. W. Stewart (2005), "A Reappraisal of the Role of Emotion inConsumer Behavior: Traditional and Contemporary Approaches," in Review ofMarketing Research, N. K. Malhotra, ed. Armonk, NJ: M.E Sharpe.
Jang, S. and Y. Namkung (2009) "Perceived Quality, Emotions, and BehavioralIntentions: Application of an Extended Mehrabian-Russell Model to Restaurants,"Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 451-460.
Johnson, M. D., L. L. Olsen, and T. EW. Andreassen (2009), "Joy andDisappointment in the Hotel Experience: Managing Relationship Segments,"Managing Service Quality, 19(1), 4-30.
Jöreskog, K. and D Sörbom (1996) LISREL 8: User’s Reference Guide, Chicago:Scientific Software International
Jorgensen, B. S. and R .C. (2001), "Sense of Place as an Attitude: Lakeshore OwnersAttitudes Towards their Properties," Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3),233-248.
King, J. (2002) "Destination Marketing Organisations: Connecting the ExperienceRather than Promoting the Place, "Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(2), 105-108.
Klein, J. G., R. Ettenson, and M. D. Morris (1998), "The Animosity Model of ForeignProduct Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People’s Republic of China," Journal ofMarketing, 62(1), 89-100.
Kleine, S. S., R. E. III Kleine, and C. T. Alen (1995), "How Is A Possession 'me' Or'not me'? Characterizing Types and an Antecedent of Material PossessionAttachment," Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 327-343.
Kwortnik, R. J. and W. T. Ross (2007), "The Role of Positive Emotions inExperiential Decisions," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24, 324–335.
Ladhari, R. (2007), "The Effect of Consumption Emotions on Satisfaction and Wordof-Mouth Communications," Psychology & Marketing, 24(12), 1085-1108.
Larsen, S., W. Brun, and T. Øgaard (2009), "What Tourists Worry About –Construction of a Scale Measuring Tourist Worries," Tourism Management, 30(2),260-265.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991), Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University.
Leiper, N. (2000), "Are Destinations "The Heart of Tourism? The Advantage of anAlternative Description," Current Issues in Tourism, 3: 364-368.
Liljander, V. and T. Strandvik (1997), "Emotions in Service Satisfaction,"International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(2), 148-169.
Lumsdon, L. (1997), Tourism Marketing. Oxford: The Alden Press.
MacCallum, R. C., K. F. Widaman, S. Zhang, and S. Hong (1999),"Sample Size inFactor Analysis," Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99.
Machleit, K. A. and S. A. Eroglu (2000), "Describing and Measuring EmotionalResponse to Shopping Experience," Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 101-111.
Mannell, R. C. (1980), "Social Psychological Techniques and Strategies for StudyingLeisure Experiences," in Social Psychological Perspectives on Leisure andRecreation, S. E. Iso-Ahola, ed. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
Mannell, R. C. and S. E. Iso-Ahola (1987) "Psychological Nature of Leisure andTourism Experience," Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 314-331.
Mano, H. and R. L. Oliver (1993), "Assessing the Dimensionality and Structure of theConsumption Experience: Evaluation, Feeling and Satisfaction," Journal of ConsumerResearch, 20(3), 451-466.
Martínez Caro, L. and J. A. Martínez García (2007), "Cognitive-Affective Model ofConsumer Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study within the Framework of a SportingEvent, Journal of Business Research, 60(2), 108-114.
Mathes, E. W., M. A. Zevon, P. M. Roter, and S. M. Joerger (1982), "PeakExperience Tendencies: Scale Development and Theory Testing," Journal ofHumanistic Psychology, 22(3), 92-108.
McIntosh, A. J. and R. C. Prentice (1999), "Affirming Authenticity: ConsumingCultural Heritage," Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 589-612.
McIntosh, A. and A. Siggs (2005), "An Exploration of the Experiential Nature ofBoutique Accommodation," Journal of Travel Research, 44(Aug), 74-81.
Mehrabian, A. and J. A. Russell (1974), An Approach to Environmental Psychology.Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mooradian, T. A. and J. M. Olver (1997), ""I Can't Get No Satisfaction": The Impactof Personality and Emotion on Postpurchase Processes," Psychology & Marketing,14(4), 379-393.
Mowen, J. C. and Voss, K. E. (2008), "On Building Better Construct Measures:Implications of a General Hierarchical Model," Psychology & Marketing, 25(6), 485-505
Mudie, P., A. Cottam, and R. Raeside (2003), "An Exploratory Study of Emotion inServices," The Service Industries Journal, 23(5), 84-106.
Muller, T. E., D. K. Tse, and R. Venkatasubramaniam (1991), "Post-ConsumptionEmotions: Exploring Their Emergence and Determinants," Journal of CustomerSatisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 4, 13-20.
Murphy, L., G. Moscardo, and P. Benckendorff (2007), "Using Brand Personality toDifferentiate Regional Tourism Destinations," Journal of Travel Research, 46(Aug),5-14.
Murphy, P., M. P. Pritchard, and B. Smith (2000), "The Destination Product and ItsImpact on Traveller Perceptions," Tourism Management, 21(1), 43-52.
Netemeyer, R. G., W. O. Bearden, and S. Sharma (2003), Scaling Procedures: Issuesand Applications, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Nunally, J. C. and I. H. Bernstein (1994), Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Nyer, P. U. (1997), "A Study of the Relationships Between Cognitive Appraisals andConsumption Emotions," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4), 296-304.
Oh, H. C., M. Uysal, and P. Weaver (1995), "Product Bundles and Market SegmentsBased on Travel Motivations: A Canonical Correlation Approach," InternationalJournal of Hospitality Management, 14(2), 123-137.
Oh, H., A. Fiore, and M. Jeoung (2007), "Measuring Experience Economy Concepts:Tourism Applications, " Journal of Travel Research, 46(2): 119-132.
Oliver, R. L. (1993), "Cognitive, Affective and Attribute Bases of the SatisfactionResponse," Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 418-430.
Oliver, R. L. and R. A. Westbrook (1993), "Profiles of Consumer Emotions andSatisfaction in Ownership and Usage," Journal of Consumer Satisfaction,Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 6, 12-27.
Oliver, R. L., R. T. Rust, and S. Varki (1997), "Customer Delight: Foundations,Findings and Managerial Insight," Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 311-336.
Otto, J. E. and B. R. Ritchie (1996), "The Service Experience in Tourism," TourismManagement, 17(3), 165-174.
Parrott, W. G. and P. T. Hertel (1999), "Research Methods in Cognition andEmotion," in The Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, T. Dalgleish and M. Power,eds. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Pedhazur, E. J., and L. P. Schmelkin (1991), Measurement, Design, and Analysis: AnIntegrated Approach, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Perdue, R. (2002), "Perishability, Yield Management, and Cross-Product Elasticity: ACase Study of Deep Discount Season Passes in the Colorado Ski Industry, " Journalof Travel Research, 41(1), 15-22.
Peterson, R. A. (2001), "On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research:Insights from a Second-Order Meta Analysis," Journal of Consumer Research, 28(3),450-461.
Plutchik, R. (1980), Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper andRow.
Rafaeli, A. and R. I. Sutton (1987), "Expression of Emotion as Part of the WorkRole," The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 23-27.
Richins, M. L. (1997), "Measuring Emotions in the Consumption Experience,"Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2), 127-146.
Rossiter, J. R. (2002), "The C-OAR-SE Procedure for Scale Development inMarketing," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4), 305-335.
Russell, J. A. (1991), "Culture and the Categorisation of Emotions," PsychologicalBulletin, 110(3), 426-450.
Ruth, J. A., F. F. Brunel, and C. C. Otnes (2002), "Linking Thoughts to Feelings:Investigating Cognitive Appraisals and Consumption Emotions in a Mixed-EmotionsContext," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(2), 44-58.
Sack, R. (1992), Place, Modernity and the Consumer's World. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press.
Schanzel, H. and A. J. McIntosh (2000), "An Insight into the Personal and EmotiveContext of Wildlife Viewing at the Penguin Place, Otago, New Zealand," Journal ofSustainable Tourism, 8(1), 36-52.
Scollon, C. N., C. Kim-Prieto, and E. Diener (2003), "Experience Sampling: Promisesand Pitfalls, Strengths and Weaknesses," Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(1), 5-34.
Shaver, P., D. K. Schwartz, and C. O'Connor (1987), "Emotion Knowledge: FurtherExploration of a Prototype Approach," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(6), 1061-1086.
Sherman, E., A. Mathur, and R. B. Smith (1997), "Store Environment and ConsumerPurchase Behabior: Mediating Role of Consumer Emotions," Psychology &Marketing, 14(4), 361-378.
Smith, A. K. and R. N. Bolton (2002), "The Effect of Customers' EmotionalResponses to Service Failures on Their Recovery Effort Evaluations and SatisfactionJudgments," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(1), 5-23.
Snepenger, D., L. Murphy, M. Snepenger and W. Anderson (2004), "NormativeMeanings of Experiences for a Spectrum of Tourism Places," Journal of TravelResearch, 43(2), 108-117.
Snepenger, D., Snepenger, M., Dalbey, M., and Wessol, A. (2007), "Meanings andConsumption Characteristics of Places at a Tourist Destination," Journal of TravelResearch, 45(3), 310-321.
Solomon, M., G. Bamossy, and S. Askegaard (1999), Consumer Behaviour: AEuropean Perspective. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Stewart, W. P. and R. B. Hull (1996), "Capturing the Moments: Concerns of in situ
Leisure Research," Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 5(1/2), 3-20.
Storm, C. and T. Storm (1987), "A Taxonomic Study of the Vocabulary of Emotions,"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 805-816.
Thomson, M., D. J. MacInnis, and C. W. Park (2005), "The Ties That Bind:Measuring the Strength of Consumers' Emotional Attachments to Brands," Journal ofConsumer Psychology, 15(1), 77-91.
Vogt, C. A. and S. I. Stewart (1998), "Affective and Cognitive Effects of InformationUse Over the Course of a Vacation," Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4), 498-520.
Voss, K. E., E. R. Spangenberg, and B. Grohmann (2003) "Measuring the Hedonicand Utilitarian Dimensions of Consumer Attitude," Journal of Marketing Research,40(3): 310-320.
Watson, D., L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen (1988), "Development and Validation ofBrief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales," Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Watson, L. and M. T. Spence (2007), "Causes and Consequences of Emotions onConsumer Behaviour: An Review and Integrative Cognitive Appraisal Theory,"European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 487-511.
Weaver, P., K. Weber, and K. McCleary (2007), "Destination Evaluation: The Role ofPrevious Travel Experience and Trip Characteristics," Journal of Travel Research,45(3), 333-344.
Webb, J. R. (1992). Understanding and Designing Marketing Research. London:Academic Press.
Westbrook, R. A. (1987), "Product/Consumption-Based Affective Responses andPost-purchase Processes," Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 258-270.
Westbrook, R. A. and R. L. Oliver (1991), "The Dimensionality of ConsumptionEmotion Patterns and Customer Satisfaction," Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1),84-91.
Williams, D. R. and J. J. Vaske (2003), "The Measurement of Place Attachment:Validity and Generalizability of a Psychometric Approach," Forest Science, 49(6),830-840.
Yavas, U. (1994), "Research Note: Students as Subjects in Advertising and MarketingResearch," International Marketing Review, 11(4), 35-43.
Yeagle, E. H., G. Privette, and F. Y. Dunham (1989), "Highest Happiness: AnAnalysis of Artists' Peak Experience", Psychological Reports, 65(2), 523-530.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985), "Measuring the Involvement Construct," Journal ofConsumer Research, 12(3), 341-352.
Zins, A. H. (2002), "Consumption Emotions, Experience Quality and Satisfaction: AStructural Analysis for Complainers versus Non-Complainers," Journal of Travel andTourism Marketing, 12(2/3), 3-18.