'The emergence of Lucknow as an all-India political centre, 1899-1923',

References

1. Throughout this article this area which was known as the
North-West Provinces and Oudh up to 19O2 will be referred
to as the UP.
2. For the taluqdars and `Oudh Policy' see Peter Reeves,
Landlords and Governments in Uttar Pradesh: a study of their
relations until zamindari abolition (Delhi, 1991), pp. 41- 92.
3. `Bilgrami' after the town of Bilgram is a classic example.
Sayyid Husayn Bilgrami, for instance, adopted the name of his town at the insistance of Sir Salar Jung I, Prime

Minister of Hyderabad, when he became his private secretary.
Saidul Haq Imad, Nawab Imad-ul-Mulk, (Hyderabad, 1979), p. 9.
4. W.H. Sleeman, Journey through the Kingdom of Oude in 1849- 185O (London, 1858), Vol. II, p. 1O. I am grateful to Claudia Liebeskind for drawing my attention to this
reference. 5. Some idea of the size, talents and achievement of this
extraordinary clan can be gained from Riaz-ur-Rahman Kidwai
Biographical Sketch of Kidwais of Avadh (with special
reference to the Bara Banki families) (Aligarh, 1987).
6. Abdul Halim Sharar, Lucknow: The last Phase of Oriental Culture, E.S. Harcourt and Fakhir Hussain trans. (London,
1974), p. 94.
7. For the establishment of Lucknow as a great Ithna Ashari
Shia centre see J.R.I. Cole, Roots of North Indian Shi`ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859
(Berkeley,1984).
8. Mufti Raza Ansari, Bani-e Dars-e Nizami (Lucknow, 1973),
p. 43. For the Dars-e Nizami, the spread and the influence
of the teaching of Farangi Mahalli see also Francis Robinson
`The `Ulama of Farangi Mahall and their adab', in B. Metcalf ed., Moral Conduct and Authority: the Place of Adab
in South Asian Islam (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 152-83; `Problems

in the History of the Farangi Mahall Family of Learned and
Holy Men', in N.J. Allen et al. eds., Oxford University
Papers on India Vol. I, 2, (Delhi, 1987), pp. 1-27;
`Scholarship and Mysticism in early 18th century Awadh'
in A.L. Dallapiccola and A. Zingel-Ave Lallemant, eds.,
Islam and Indian Regions, Vol. I, (Stuttgart, 1993)
pp. 377-398.
(9) B. Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband,
186O-19OO (Princeton, 1982), pp. 335-47 and Shah Muhammad
Husayn, Bil Tanzim-i Nizam al-Ta'allum wal Ta'lim,
published at the wish of the Nadwat ul Ulama (Allahabad,
n.d.).
(1O) The high culture of Lucknow is well-displayed in Sharar,
Lucknow.
(11) S.S. Pirzada, ed., Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim
League Documents, 19O6-1947, Vol. I (Karachi, n.d.), p. 363.
(12) Sharar, Lucknow, p. 1O8.
(13) H.R. Nevill, ed., Lucknow: A Gazetteer (Allahabad, 19O4), p. 55.
(14) Harcourt Butler, Autobiographical Fragment, Ch. 3, pp. 16- 17, Harcourt Butler Papers (1OO), India Office Library
(IOL).
(15) Pioneer (Allahabad), 6 March 1938, Harcourt Butler Papers
(1O2), IOL.
(16) S.H. Butler Oudh Policy: the Policy of Sympathy (Allahabad,
19O6), pp. 5O-51. Butler's earlier and rather more
substantial statement was: Oudh Policy Considered
Historically and with Reference to the Present Political
Situation (Allahabad, 1896).
(17) T.W. Holderness, Secretary to Government, NWP and O,
Judicial Dept. to Registrar, High Court, NWP, 3O July 1896,
Home Judical March 1897, Progs. 517-33, India Office Records
(IOR).
18. Macdonnell to Curzon, 27 July 1899, Curzon Papers (2OO), IOL.
19. Butler to Spencer Perceval Butler (father), 14 December 1899, Harcourt Butler Papers (5), IOL.
2O. Butler to Mrs. Florence Butler (mother), 13 April, 12 June,
3O November, 8 December 19O5 and Autobiographical Fragment,
Ch. 3, pp. 8-9 ff., Harcourt Butler Papers (6), (1OO), IOL.
21. Butler to H. Erle Richards (brother-in-law), 14 February 19O5, Harcourt Butler Papers (16), IOL.
22. Harcourt Butler to Spencer Perceval Butler (father), 9 August 19O6, Harcourt Butler Papers (6) IOL.
23. Butler to Mrs. Florence Butler, 3O November 19O5, Harcourt
Butler Papers (6), IOL.
24. Autobiographical Fragment, Ch. 3, p. 6, Harcourt Butler
Papers (1OO), IOL.
25. Butler to Mrs. Florence Butler, 14 February 19O7, Harcourt
Butler Papers (6), IOL.
26. The humble memorial of the citizens of Allahabad to His
Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India in
Council, 23 July 1921, Harcourt Butler Papers (75), IOL.
27. Butler found some good things to say about Allahabad: `It
is very quiet and one gets a better game of bridge here!'
he told his mother when on a visit, `also there are more
intelligent men.' Butler to Mrs. Florence Butler, 19 February 192O, Harcourt Butler Papers (11), IOL.
28. Butler's reply to the Allahabad petition of 23 July 1921
referred to in G.B. Lambert, Chief Secretary to the
Government, UP, to Secretary to Government of India, 19
September 1921, Harcourt Butler Papers (75), IOL.
29. Butler to Mrs. Florence Butler, 28 November 1921, Harcourt
Butler Papers (12), IOL.
3O. For attempts by groups in Lucknow to prevent the holding
of the Congress in the city in 1899 see 385C\1899-19OO, UP
Archives and Home Public A, June 19OO, 3O3-3O5, National
Archives of India (NAI).
31. `The Humble Memorial of the Undersigned Residents of the
City of Lucknow', enclosed in J.O. Miller, Chief Secretary
to Govermnet, NWP and O, to Secretary, Government of India,
Home Department, 26 January 19OO, L\P&J\6\712, India Office
Records (IOR).
32. Macdonnell to Curzon, 18 May 19OO, Curzon Papers (2O1), IOL.
33. Francis Robinson, Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The
Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims 186O-1923 (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 134-35.
34. Ibid., pp. 135-41.
35. Harcourt Butler Papers (65), IOL.
36. The following travelled from Lucknow to attend the founding
session of the All-India Muslim League: Hamid Ali Khan, Imad
ul Mulk Sayyid Husayn Bilgrami, Munshi Ehtisham Ali, Muhammad Nasim, Raja Naushad Ali Khan, Sayyid Karamat Husayn, Sayyid Nabiullah, Sayyid Zahur Ahmad, Ghulam us
Saqlain, Sayyid Wazir Hasan, Wahid ud Din Salim.
37. Robinson, Separatism, pp. 175-94. {plus details re.
Lucknow and protests?}
38. For an analysis of the bases of the `Young Party' and
`Old Party' groupings see Robinson, Separatism, pp. 175-
94 and Appendices I and II.
39. The following affiliates of the `Young Party' lived in or
near Lucknow: Sayyid Zahur Ahmad, Azhar Ali, Shaykh Shaukat
Ali, Vilayat Ali, Sakhawat Ali Alvi, Zafar ul-Mulk Alvi,
Abd ul Aziz Ansari, Dr. M.N. Ansari, Mirza Samiullah Beg,
Ghulam us Saqlain, Dr. Nazir ud Din Hasan, Sayyid Shabbir
Hasan, Sayyid Wazir Hasan, Sayyid Mir Jan, Chaudhuri
Khaliq uz Zaman, Shaykh Yusuf Husayn Khan, Rafi Ahmad Qidvai,Mushir Husayn Qidvai, Raja Muhammad Ali Muhammad of Mahmudabad, Sayyid Nabiullah, Wahid ud Din Salim, Hakim Abd ul Wali, Muhammad Wasim. Ibid., Appendices I and II.
4O. Khaliq uz Zaman tells of how the Raja of Mahmudabad created a job for him. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan,
(London, 1961), p. 35.
41. Al-Bashir (Etawah), 24\31 July 1917, UP Native Newspaper
Reports, 1917, IOR.
42. Robinson, Separatism, p. 2O4.
43. Article entitled, `The All-India Muslim League and its Secretary' and signed `A Muslim', 25 December 1913,
enclosed in Nawab Fateh Ali Khan Qizilbash to Editor,
Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore); the Pioneer (Allahabad); and Morning Post (Delhi), 25 December 1913,
Meston Papars (6), IOL. For the `Young Party's capture of
the League see, Robinson, Separatism, pp. 227-35.
44. Meston to Hardinge, 23 December 1915, Hardinge Papers (9O),
Cambridge University Library.
45. For the making of the Lucknow Pact see Robinson, Separatism, Chapter 6; see also Muhammad Saleem Ahmad, The All-India
Muslim League (Bahawalpur, 1988), pp. 151-81.
46. Fortnightly Report (UP), Home Poll. D, January 1917, 45,
National Archives of India (NAI).
47. B.R. Ambedkar, Pakistan or the Partition of India (Bombay,
1946), p. 141.
48. Fortnightly Report (UP), Home Poll. D, January 1917, 45,
NAI.
49. Meston to Chelmsford, 11 January 1917, Chelmsford Papers
(18), IOL.
5O. The growing anxiety is well-expressed in the changing mood
and content of a monthly journal published from Farangi
Mahall during the period. See Francis Robinson, `An
Nizamiyya; a group of Lucknow intellectuals in the early
twentieth century' in C. Shackle ed., Urdu and Muslim South
Asia (London, 1989), pp. 1O1-12. For the pan-Islamic concerns of the Farangi Mahallis before 1919 see Francis
Robinson `The Muslims of Upper India and the Shock of the
Mutiny' in M. Hasan and N. Gupta eds., India's Colonial
Encounter (Delhi, 1992), p. 196 and Separatism, pp. 272-88.
51. A statement made by Abd ul Bari which is undated by internal
evidence suggests that it was made for the Jamiyat ul-Ulama
meeting at Delhi in November 192O. Abd ul Bari Papers,
English File, Farangi Mahall.
52. Robinson, Separatism, pp. 289-3O4.
53. Ibid., pp. 3O4-25.
54. Muhammad Inayatullah, Risala-e Hasrat al-Afaq ba Wafat Majmu`at al-Akhlaq (Lucknow, 1348\1929-3O), p. 28. See also
the papers of Abd ul Bari in Farangi Mahall, Lucknow, and with Maulana Jamal Mian, Karachi.
55. Robinson, Separatism, pp. 326-44.
56. Valedictory speech by Butler on leaving Lucknow in 1922
quoted in D. Awasthi, Administrative History of Modern
India; Sir Spencer Harcourt Butler's Ideas, Politicies
and Activities in the United Provinces of Agra and Awadh
1918-1922 (Delhi, 1973), pp. 144-45.